1643, Rowland Wilson and 34 other merchants complain that their ships have been seized by Royalists

The merchants trading to the straits of Spain, Portugal and France. SP 16/497 f. 6 (1643)

To the honourable House of Commons now assembled in Parliament.

The humble petition of the merchantes trading to the streightes of Spaine Portugale and France.

Sheweth That whereas wee have received certen notice of severall ships that is are put into Falmouth by contrary windes which were laden with merchantes goods and bound for London and those caviliers that have the comaund of the Kinges castles there have taken away the sayles from the yardes of the said ships and have begun to unlade some of the goods, there is alsoe some other ships expected dayly from Spaine as is conceived will bring in them for merchantes accomptes at the least two hundred thousand poundes in silver and that if the said ships should be by contrary windes forced into the said harbour not knowing the danger they shall fall into by being deteyned and seized by the said caviliers wilbe the undoeing of divers merchantes in the Citie of London:

Therefore wee humbly beseech this honourable assembly to take such order as in your wisdomes shall thinke fitt that those ships which are already deteyned may be released and to prevent the goeing in of any ships hereafter into the said port of Falmouth you wilbe pleased that two pinnaces may be immediately appointed to lye before the said harbour to give notice to all ships of the daunger of puting in there and to stopp any municion that may be carried to the said caviliers.

And wee shall ever pray etc

6 January 1642

[For signatures, see full transcription here.] 

    Report by Sally O’Donnell

    In this petition, thirty-five merchants trading to the straits of Portugal, France and Spain complained to the House of Commons, claiming that several ships forced by contrary winds into Falmouth had their sails removed by the Royalists in command there.  Other ships were due that would bring in £200,000 in silver and if the winds were against them, they could be seized too. The merchants asked Parliament to take steps to prevent the unloading of the existing ships and warn others from landing there.

    The named merchants were as follows:

    1. Rowland Wilson (vintner)
    2. Thomas Jeninges
    3. Richard Leigh
    4. Henry Hunt (Levant Company)
    5. Robart (Sheslen?)
    6. Martin (Bradgate?)
    7. Thomas (Bailey?)
    8. (Semuel Lee?)
    9. George Robinson
    10. John Hawkeridge
    11. Phillipp Travers (vintner)
    12. Matthew Jenkenson
    13. William Methwold
    14. Theophilus Biddulph
    15. Henry (St John?)
    16. John Wood
    17. George (Hanger?)
    18. Thomas Lenthall
    19. Gregory Lemene
    20. Richard Davies
    21. Andrew (Binardes?)?
    22. James Gregorie
    23. George Jackson?
    24. John Bewley (Canary merchant)
    25. Robart Garland
    26. Hamond Ward
    27. George Gyffard
    28. Joseph Brandes (Levant Company)
    29. Robert Turner
    30. William Rennoldes
    31. John Dethick (mercer)
    32. Thomas (Mard?)
    33. Daniell Androwes
    34. William Moye
    35. Humfrey Hill (mercer)

     

    1. Rowland Wilson

    It is assumed that the petition has been signed by Rowland Wilson Senior, as other signatories are Martin Bradgate, his business partner, and Henry St John who was also known to trade with them.  This was mentioned in one of the letters from John Paige (see below) and he also refers to ‘old Rowland Wilson’.  They mainly traded in Canary wines. These wines were ‘hugely popular in Britain in the 16th and 17th century’ as evidenced by their inclusion in Twelfth Night.  During the 17th century the most popular wine from the Canary Islands was the sweet, white Malmsey.

    John Paige was a London merchant who developed a trade during the 1640s and 1650s importing “luxury wine from Tenerife” and his business letters with his trading associate William Clerke survived from the years 1648 to 1658.  These letters provide fascinating details about the Canary wine trade.  For example, on 28 May 1649, Paige wrote that of the 11 pipes (barrels – butt that was ½ tun) he received the “Rambla wines proved white and green, but the Orotava wines proved the richest Canaries that ever came to England”.  According to John Paige, Wilson and his partners ‘accounted for 21% of the Canary wine taxed at London in 1644’.  However, it seems they also dealt in other goods and Wilson was also involved in trafficking of slaves (as a member of the English Guinea Company).[1]

    Rowland Wilson was a citizen of London and a member of the Worshipful Company of Vintners.  He was born in 1582 and died in 1651 and was buried in St Martin Outwich,[2] a parish church in the City of London, on the corner of Threadneedle Street and Bishopsgate.  He was married to Mary Tyffen on 14 December 1606 at St Michael Bassishaw, London; this was a parish church in Basinghall Street in the City of London, on land now occupied by the Barbican Centre.  They had five children, all christened at St Lawrence Jewry and St Mary Magdalene Milk Street.  Firstly, Mabell christened on 28 October 1607 followed by Mary on 13 November 1608, Jane 25 August 1611, Rowland 1 September 1613 and Sarah 16 July 1615.[3] However, in his will he also mentions his late daughter Elizabeth White and leaves her children Edmond White and Rowland White his copyhold lands at Tottenham High Cross.  Other interesting bequests include a yearly annuity to William Heardson and Anne, his wife, and to ‘The Worshipful Company of Vintners whereof I am a member’.  He also leaves the tavern called the Kings Arms over against Iremonger Lane’s End in St Lawrence in the Old Jewry, London and two tenements adjoining in Basishaw Street in the parish of St Michael Basishaw.[4]

    Rowland Wilson junior

    Interestingly, there is no mention in his will of his son Rowland Wilson Jnr, who was also a vintner and in partnership with his father; in fact, his son had died in 1650 a year before his father.  His death was ‘attributed to melancholy and guilt’ having been chosen to sit in judgement against. the King but being forbidden by his father to sit.[5] In fact, as Professor Ann Hughes says, “Barely half of the men nominated to the High Court of Justice to try the king actually attended its proceedings”, and “some later claiming undue pressure, especially from Oliver Cromwell. One member of the Rump, Thomas Hoyle, committed suicide on the anniversary of Charles’ execution in 1650, while the death the same year of another, Rowland Wilson, was attributed to melancholy and guilt.”[6]

    Wilson Jnr’s madness and suicidal state was reported in Mercurius Pragmaticus.  He is described as ‘distracted and hath attempted several times to be his own executioner, but prevented by those that looke to him and keepe his from such instruments as may serve to put a period to his wretched life’.  The “Prag” was a weekly Royalist newsbook published by Marchamont Nedham that became very popular with Royalists for its witty and vitriolic attacks on Parliament, the Army Grandees and the Scots.  Parliament made several attempts to shut it down and Nedham was eventually forced into hiding.  He was finally tracked down and arrested in June 1649.[7]  Professor Hughes also refers to another pamphlet Man in the Moon, which claimed that Colonel Wilson was one of the relapsed Elders of Guildhall and ‘is growne horne mad, fumbles with his double ruffe and gold chain and threatened to hang himself.’[8]

    Mark Noble in his book The Lives of the English Regicides (Volume 2), outlines some of the achievements of Rowland Wilson Jnr.  He was an alderman of the City of London, a merchant in partnership with his father, Rowland Wilson Senior.  He was a ‘person greatly in the interest of those who opposed King Charles I’s government and he was a great acquisition, being very rich and had vast influence in the City’.  Unfortunately, he died in this office ‘but though he was a young man for the employment, yet he was an elder in wisdom and abilities, being a gentleman of excellent parts and great piety; of a solid, sober temper and judgement and very honest and just in all his actions’.  He was a member of the House of Commons and the Council of State and served the parliament as Colonel of the City regiments; ‘not in trainings only but also in the field against the enemy’.  ‘He was beloved both in the house, City and army and by all who knew him, and his death was ‘much lamented’.[9]

    1. Thomas Jeninges

    Jeninges was a Clothworker and an alderman for Bridge Ward in 1650.[10] 

    1. Richard Leigh

    There was a Richard Leigh merchant and haberdasher of St Helen’s Bishopgate in Boyds Inhabitants of London.[11]  He married Anne Bratoft (Bratost)[12] of Bethnal Green at Stepney on 11 May 1615 and they had a son John baptised on 29 July 1617.  I found a record of the death of Anthony, son of Richard Leigh and his wife Anne on 30 July 1625.[13]  She dies a few days later on 2 August.[14] Richard later marries Mary and they have 7 children.  Mary survives him when he dies in April 1650.[15]

    There is a record of Richard Leigh becoming a freeman in 1611; his master was John Susan of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers.[16]

    Jennings and Leigh are mentioned in the Court Minutes of the East India Company in 1617.[17] Then in the Calendar of State Papers Domestic in December 1636 there is a petition that also mentions Jenings and Leigh.[18]

    1. Henry Hunt

    Henry, the son of John Hunt, married Mabel Leate, daughter of Nicholas Leate and Jane Stapers.[19]

    According to Robert Brenner, Henry Hunt was a member of the Levant Company and was one of 31 merchants who imported 1,000 hundredweight or more of currants a year.[20] When in 1628 Charles I was in deep financial difficulty, requiring funds to send his fleet to reprieve La Rochelle, the London’s company merchants refused to bail him out.  On 2 July 1628, the Levant Company turned down his request for a loan.  On 13 August the privy council issued an order to seize all goods landed without payment and ordered that assistance be given to the customs house officers in the execution of their duty and that those who resisted customs payment were to be arrested.  In September 1628, 14 Levant Company merchants broke into the customs house to seize currants taken from them by the royal government because they refused to pay the 2s 2d currants imposition.  The men were immediately imprisoned; they were among the wealthiest and most influential citizens in London.  Prominent among them was Nicholas Leate, along with his son Richard Leate and his sons-in-law John Wilde and Henry Hunt [21]

    By 1640, the merchant elite of London was largely ‘dominated by Levant Company merchants.  This meant that a group of Levant-East India Company merchants was at the heart of the City conservative movement.  From the summer of 1641, the great bulk of the merchants threw in their lot with royalism’. Henry was among 35 members of the Levant Company who were royalists. [22]

    In September 1640 Henry Hunt along with William Crowther and John Wright, ‘now or lately’ churchwardens on St Martin’s Outwich were apprehended by warrant for not collecting 93 shillings for the use of Richard Baker, joiner, presumably for the repair of the church.  By 15 October they had paid their share of the tax levied on the parish for the repair of the Church and so they were discharged without costs and their bonds delivered to them.[23] In 1645, Rouland Wilson Senior, William Methold, and Henry Hunt were named as part of a committee in ‘An Ordinance for the raising and collecting of Ten thousand pounds, for and towards the Redemption of distressed Captives’.[24]

    1. Robart Sheslen

    This is likely to be Robert Cheslen (Cheslyn) member of the Company of Coopers and grocer listed in Chronological list of Alderman 1601-1650; alderman for Vintry 1649-50.[25]  In the extract from The Aldermen of the City of London, volume 2, for 1649 there is an entry for Robert Cheslin, father-in-law of Sir William Bateman and also John Dethick and Rowland Wilson, Jnr.[26]  Robert married Phebe Thorold, daughter of Edmund Thorold (Marshal of the Exchequer) and Mary Reeve (daughter of John Reeve, goldsmith) on 6 February 1638 at St Michael Cornhill. They had a daughter Elizabeth who married Sir William Bateman. However, in his will 1651 it refers to his wife, Margaret so he probably married for a second time.  His brother Thomas and his nephew Robert are also mentioned in his will.[27]

    There is a Robert Cheslin born on 25 February 1613 to Thomas Cheslin in Farnham, Surrey and as the poor of Farnham are mentioned in his will, then it is likely that this is the same person.[28] However, I have been unable to find details of a marriage to Margaret, although there are several births for this period to Robert Cheslin and spouse Margaret.

    1. Martin Bradgate

    In 1638 Charles I had entered into a contract with some of the leading wine merchants whereby he had imposed an additional tax on wine.  In turn, over the bitter protests of the wine sellers, Charles had compensated the wine import merchants by ordering that the City wine sellers be directed to buy up annually a certain minimum amount of wine at a price set by the government.  Eventually following meetings and a petition by the Vintners Company the wine sellers and the merchants began refusing to pay the tax on wine.  Then the retailers defied the Vintners’ leadership by bringing their own petition against the wine contract without the approval of the company.  In retribution the House of Commons jailed some of the leading wine contractors.  Then in August 1641 Parliament declared some 40 wine importers, French Company merchants and traders in Spanish wine, to be delinquents for taking part in the wine contract and threw ‘a good number’ in prison.  One of the men declared delinquents was Martin Bradgate, described as a ‘leading wine trader’.[29]  And Bradgate was a partner of Rowland Wilson Snr.

    However, it seems that this was not the first time that Martin had fallen foul of the authorities.  In 1626 a Forced Loan was imposed and enforced by the King – many of the City’s handicraftsmen, shopkeepers and some of the major Levant Company Merchants all refused to pay and were joined by some members of the Merchant Adventurers.  This ‘resistance was symptomatic of deepening discontent among all layers of the London Merchant community during the first half of 1627.  At the same time many citizens were refusing to pay, others continuing their resistance to the levy for the 20 ships.  Tensions heightened when the privy council ruled that it would vigorously enforce the increase on the tax on currants.  Some of the Levant Company merchants refused to pay and were jailed.  This happened again in 1628 and the Crown replied by seizing their goods in customs and they also imprisoned nine merchants trading with France for refusing to pay tax, which now united the traders of both companies.  One of the men arrested was Martin Bradgate, who traded with both France and the Levant.’[30]

    In the Calendar of State Papers Domestic for 1628 there is a petition of Richard Archdale, Henry Lee, Martin Bradgate, Edward Browne, George Rouckes, and Benjamin Wright, merchants.  Having procured part of their estates detained in France to be transported to Holland in wines, turpentine, rosin, and other commodities, they pray permission to land the same in this kingdom.[31]

    There are other petitions including one in 1637-8.  Martin Bradgate, of London, merchant, having intelligence from his factor in the Canary Islands of 600 quintals of logwood laden aboard the George for London for want of other goods, the rest of the lading being sugars and other rich commodities which would produce 2,000l. customs, the said petitioner prayed that he might be allowed to transport the logwood to parts beyond the seas.  The Lord Treasurer was prayed to give order to take good security for the exportation of the logwood, regulations being made for its keeping whilst here, and a certificate to be produced of its landing in foreign parts.[32]

    In the Calendar for 1639-40 a certificate returned to the Council by Martin Bradgate and Thos. Bell, merchants, and William Field and Michael Gardiner, vintners, that, according to an Order of Council of the 9th February last, for viewing of wines in difference between Capt. Langham, Robert Fison, merchants, and Robert Quarterman, vintner; as also between John Johnstone, merchant, and Thomas Symmes, vintner, we, the above-named referees, have viewed and tasted the said wines, and have all agreed upon the loss accruing from the inferior quality of these wines, as here stated, but cannot agree upon the proper incidence of these losses, so that we, Bradgate and Bell, do here deliver our opinions apart.[33]

    In the Letters of John Paige, London Merchant, 1648-58, John Paige in a letter to Gowen Paynter and William Clerke in November 1650, described Martin Bradgate as being ‘distracted of late’.  In May 1652, another London merchant reported that Martin Bradgate had recently died after ‘having somewhat long lain by his weakness and disturbance in his head’.[34] There is a Mr Martin Bradgate buried in the chancel of St Michael Paternoster Royal at the upper end above the table; the grave will hold two more. He died of a fever.[35]  A will for a Martin Bradgate who died in 1652 refers to him as a Draper.[36]

    1. Thomas (Bailey)

    Details unknown.

    8 Semuel Lee

    Listed in April 1648 in ‘An Ordinance for the speedy bringing in the Arreares of the Assessements in the City of London and Liberties thereof (Samuel Lee – Bridge Ward)’.[37]

    9 George Robinson

    There is reference to a George Robinson, a factor in the Indies, in the Court Minutes of the East India Company in 1626.[38] In the Calendar of Treasury Books, there is mention of a George Robinson, merchant, for leave to import a parcel of French wines paying only English duty.[39]

    1. John Hawkeridge

    There is a John Hawkeridge apprenticed to William Nottingham of the Vintners Company on the 2 June 1624.[40]  There is the burial of John Hawkridge in the records of the monthly meeting of the Ratcliff and Barking Quakers for the 23 May 1677.  He was aged 69 with birth date given as about 1608.[41]

    There is one mention of a John Hawkeridge in the Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, where he, along with George Henley, is to be paid for supplying arms.[42]

    1. Phillipp (Travors)

    There was a Philip Travers, merchant vintner of St Dionis Backchurch, Langbourn ward, son of Philip Travers vintner.[43]  At the age of 24 he married Margaret Hammond aged 21, daughter of Cordwell Hammond vintner;[44] they had eight children.  The marriage took place in 1639 at St Dionis Backchurch; his date of birth is given as 1615.  His daughter Rebecca was christened at St Dionis Backchurch in July 1646.[45]  St Dionis Backchurch is situated near the southwest corner of Lime Street, behind the houses on the north side of Fenchurch Street. The ancient church was destroyed in the great fire in 1666 and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren in 1674.

    In the London Apprenticeship Abstracts for 26 March 1639 his brother Charles is apprenticed to John Frith of the Fishmongers’ Company, their father Philip snr. is deceased.[46] There is a will for Philip Travors, probate dated 23 November 1635.[47]

    There are several records of Philips Travers Jnr. taking on apprentices including Foster William son of Matthew William, vintner (deceased) dated 6 March 1654/55.[48]  There is also a record of his son Philip’s apprenticeship to Thomas Shepheard of the Fishmongers Company on 6 February 1659/60.[49]

    In the Calendar of State Papers Domestic for February 1657 there is the following report:

    The petition of John Freeman, senr. and junr., and Philip Travers, for themselves and other London merchants interested in goods detained and illegally condemned by the King of Denmark, referred to the Navy Commissioners, to report.[50]

    1. Matthew Jenkenson

    There is a reference to Matthew Jenkinson, merchant of London, in the Journal of the House of Commons.  In November 1642 he was being held a prisoner in Crosby House; and following his petition he is discharged and released.[51]  It seems that he may have been imprisoned there by order of the Commons, the Lord Mayor of the City of London, and the Sheriffs for refusing to ‘contribute to the charge of the Commonwealth’ in Candlewick Ward in October 1642.[52]

     

    1. William Methwold

     

    He was an English merchant and colonial administrator.  Interestingly, there is a fictional character that bears the same name in the novel Midnight’s Children by Salman Rushdie, who is described as a direct descendant.

     

    William was born in South Pickenham, Norfolk, in 1590 to Thomas Methwold and his wife Susan.  He was apprenticed at the age of 16 to an English merchant and served four years in London and then five in the Netherlands.  In September 1615 he was accepted for service in the East India Company as a linguist; he was fluent in Dutch and French and had knowledge of Latin.  He travelled widely in India and a description of his travels ‘Relations of the Kingdome of Golchonda’ – in Hyderabad – was printed in 1626.

    He prospered as a merchant but broke the rules of the East India Company by trading privately.  He admitted the charge and left the company in 1622 only to rejoin in 1628 and was given the freedom of the company, entitling him to become a shareholder.  William was elected deputy governor of the East India Company in 1643 and re-elected annually until his death in 1652.[53]

    In April 1624 he married Mary Wright, daughter of William Wright of Sevenoaks and they had two sons who both became merchants.  Aaron Mico[54] married Joanna Methwold, daughter of William Methwold, in 1654, two years after his death.  Around 1640 he acquired Hale House and adjoining land in Kensington, London, as his home in England.  His wife died in October 1652 and in February 1653 he married a widow, Sarah Rolfe, daughter of Sir Richard Dean.  Methwold himself died on 5 March 1653, at his mansion, Hale House, afterwards known as Cromwell House, Kensington, aged 63 years.  He was buried, under the name Meathall, in St Mary Abbots Church, Kensington, on 10 March 1653.

    Hale-house, an ancient mansion at Brompton, commonly called Cromwell House, is said to have been the residence of Oliver Cromwell.  I have had frequent occasion to remark how little credit is due in general to such traditions. There is certainly no good authority for this at Brompton. Hale-house was, during Cromwell’s time, and for many years before (fn. 57) and afterwards, the property of the Methwold family. William Methwold, Esq. died there in 1652.[55]

    In the Survey of London, it notes that the Hale House property was purchased in 1645 for £841 by William Methwold, a City merchant and director of the East India Company.  He had been president of the East India Company’s factory at Surat from 1633 to 1638 at the salary of £500 per annum, and from 1643 until his death in 1653 he was Deputy Governor of the Company.  During his ownership and later during that of his widow’s (his second wife) the estate was extended by the acquisition of land, chiefly from the Blake family – his widow was daughter of Sir William Blake.  Shortly before his death he built a group of almshouses on his land, and in his Will, he charged the upkeep of these on sixteen acres of freehold land which he had purchased from John Grant.  The almshouses were ranged around an open courtyard facing north on to Cromwell Lane at a point which now forms the south-east corner of Harrington Road and Queen’s Gate.  They were of a common seventeenth-century type with their upper storey partly contained within the roof space and lit by four symmetrically placed gabled windows.[56]

    1. Theophilus Biddulph

    He was a silk merchant in London, MP for London between 1656 and 1659 and later for Lichfield between 1661 and 1677.  Created 1st Baronet Biddulph of Westcombe (Manor of Greenwich) on 2 November 1664.  His residence was Westcombe Manor, Greenwich.  He was mentioned in the diary for Samuel Pepys for 1664/5.[57]

    He was born in Lichfield, Staffs to Michael and Elizabeth (Skeffington), brother to William and Michael. He married Susanna Highlord,[58] daughter of Zachary Highlord (mercer and alderman for Bishopsgate in 1648) [59] and Frances Garth on 10 May 1641 in Morden, Surrey.  Their children were Susannah (Littleton), Michael Biddulph MP, Elizabeth (Napier) and Simon Biddulph.  He died at Greenwich aged 72 and was buried on 14 April 1683 at Stow Church, Lichfield, and was succeeded by his son Michael, who was also an MP for Lichfield.

    1. Henry St John

    Henry St John is mentioned in John Paige’s letters (see above). He sometimes traded with Rowland Wilson and Martin Bradgate. He was also mentioned in a petition of 1672.[60]

    1. John Wood

    In 1631, Charles I had granted a patent to trade in Guinea; the syndicate was headed by courtier merchant Sir Nicholas Crispe and partners in his Guinea Company, which included Humphrey Slaney and his apprentice John Wood.  Throughout the 1630s the Guinea Company was mainly concerned with import of redwood, elephants’ teeth, hides and gold. But in early 1640 they sought to reorient itself towards the slave trade.  From mid 1640s there were a succession of partnerships able to trade with Guinea.  John Wood was the only surviving member of the original company which constructed a new group, based to some extent on the old connections to carry on the trade; this group included Rowland Wilson Snr and Jnr.[61] In 1647-48 John Wood along with Rowland Wilson Snr and Jnr and others were owners of the ship Star involved in the Guinea gold trade [62].

    1. George Hanger

    George is mentioned several times in the Register Book of the Spanish Company 1604, and is in fact a former treasurer who brings in his accounts to be scrutinised by auditors.[63] ‘The Spanish Company was an English chartered company or corporate body established in 1530, and 1577, confirmed in 1604, and re-established in 1605 as President, Assistants and Fellowship of Merchants of England trading into Spain and Portugal, whose purpose was the facilitation and control of English trade between England and Spain through the establishment of a corporate monopoly of approved merchants.’[64] He is also listed in April 1648 in ‘An Ordinance for the speedy bringing in the Arreares of the Assessements in the City of London and Liberties for Tower Ward’.[65]

    There is a George Hanger ‘merchant’ married to Mary Watts on Ancestry UK.  They married in 1627 in Ware and had children Mary in 1628 and George 1637 (died two weeks later). He was the son of George Hanger ‘clothworker’ and Francis Burgis Burgess.[66]  There is a will for George Hanger, Marchant for St Dunstan, East London, which is between London Bridge and the Tower of London.[67]

    1. Thomas Lenthall

    There is a Thomas Lenthall listed in April 1648 in ‘An Ordinance for the speedy bringing in the Arreares of the Assessements in the City of London and Liberties for the Billingsgate Ward’.[68]  He is also mentioned in John Strype’s ‘A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster’: ‘In the Chancel. A Monument erected at the only Charge of Thomas Lenthal, second Son of Sir John Lenthal of this Parish, Kt. in Memory of his dear Brothers and Sisters, and others of his Kindred here interred, An. Dom. 1643.’[69]

    1. Gregory Lemene

     Unknown.

    1. Richard Davies

     ‘Inhabitants of London in 1638: St. Michael Bassishaw’ lists Richard Davies living in a house valued £5.[70]  There is a Richard Davis of St Mary Aldermanbury, but he died in July 1641 before the date of the petition.

    There are several mentions of a Richard Davies in the Calendar of State Papers Colonial in the 1620s.  They refer to the transfers of adventures in the East India Company.[71]  Again in 1633 there are references in the Calendar of State Papers Colonial.[72]

    1. Andrew (Binardes)

    Unknown

    1. James Gregorie

    There is a James Gregorie mentioned in the Calendar of State Papers Domestic in April 1645.[73] However, I could find no mention of him in The National Archives catalogue. There are several James Gregories on FindMyPast (with different variations of name).  There was an entry for the baptism of James Gregorie, son on James and Awdrey Gregorie at St Clement Danes, Westminster in March 1634, but cannot find him in Boyds Inhabitants of London.

    1. George Jackson

    Unknown.

    1. John Bewley

    There was a John Bewley of St Olave Hart Street, Merchant Taylor, son of Thomas Bewley and Margaret Sicklemore.  He married Sara Berry in 1655 and they had four children.[74] There are references to John Bewley, his fellow Canary Merchant, in the letters of John Paige.[75] In the Calendar of the Committee For the Advance of Money, there is a case relating to a John Bewley, merchant of London concerning 1644-5.[76]

    1. Robart Garland

    In Boyd’s Inhabitants of London there is Robert Garland, member of the Fishmongers’ Company, of St Botolph Billingsgate. He married Mary Walker and they had three children.[77]  In December 1639 he apprenticed John Bathurst and in June 1648 John Whitcombe, son of John citizen and Fishmonger. There is a burial in St Botolph Without Bishopsgate of Robert Garland aged 66, possibly his father.

    There is a reference to Robert Garland in The Letters of John Paige, London Merchant when Paige is writing to William Clerke on the 3 September 1650 warning him against accepting bills of exchange from Robert Garland because of the ‘sudden wars with Portugal’.[78] And in the House of Commons Journal for 20 May 1643 Robert Garland is listed (along with Rowland Wilson) as merchants who owe Moneys upon Bills at Sight.[79] In the Calendar of State Papers Domestic for 1651 there is a petition from Robert Garland, Robt. Gravenor, and other proprietors of the ship Trade, alias Samaritan, that in respect of the petitioners’ property in such ship, and their great losses, the collectors for prize goods deliver up their bond.[80]

    Finally, in the Calendar for Committee For Compounding for 17 Sept. 1651, Mary, widow of Robert Garland, claims against the estate of Andrew Lucar.  She petitions that she holds a 21 years’ lease, taken by her husband 10 years ago, of a house in Botolph Lane, London, at a very rack rent of 36l., from Andrew Lucar, since a delinquent; but rents being much lowered since, and the house only now worth 20l., begs abatement of rent.  The County Committee surveyed the property and certified that it was ‘very ruinous and they could not get 30l. a year for it. In January the petition was renewed and it was ordered that it must be repaired’.[81]

    1. Hamond Ward

    In Boyd’s Inhabitants of London there is Hamon Ward of St Clement Eastcheap, merchant.  He married Sarah Scotto of Norwich, who died in December 1638. He had four children by Sarah: Hamon 1633, Barbara 1634, Joseph 1635 and James in 1637, but only two of them survived infancy.  After her death, he then married Elizabeth Tichborn in April 1640 and went on to have another six children.[82]

    In March 1643 in an Order for sequestering the Profits of St. Clements next East Cheap, London, from Mr. Stone included Ward among the named sequesterers.[83] In cases brought before the committee in April 1644 it was ordered that he be brought in custody to pay his assessment.  Then in 19 May 1647 he petitioned about delayed payments.[84]

    1. George Gyffard

    There is a George Gifford a merchant draper of St Olave Hart Street.  He was son of Arthur Gifford of Devon and Anne Leigh. George married Katherine and Sarah and had four children Katherine, Agnes, George and Lucy. He died on 3 January 1650.[85]

    In the Calendar of State Papers Domestic for 28 May 1638 in Bilboa there is the following entry: ‘George Gyffard to George Wyche. According to promise I now send you the relation of such things as I received for and from Mr. Porter. That which came from “mad ” [Madrid] was stolen out of my chamber. What I received from “Lon ” [London?] is all sent up, except two globes which await a proper conveyance. I had an “excommunion and paulina” read for the stolen articles in churches and other places where I suspected.’[86]

    1. Joseph Brandes

    In Brenner’s book Joseph Brand is listed as a member of the Levant Company merchants.[87] When the Dutch made peace with Spain in 1609, it became increasingly difficult for English merchants to trade with Spain.  However, when Spanish-Dutch hostilities were renewed after 1618 they again began trading with Spain, and between 1605 and 1640 some merchants, including Joseph Brand attempted unsuccessfully to form a new Spanish Company.  As a result, trade continued to be dominated by “divers who entitle themselves merchants trading for Spain, albeit most of them are no merchants at all, but mariners and ordinary traders”.[88]  And there a Joseph Brand, salter, listed as an alderman for Langbourn ward for 1650; he died in 1675.[89]

    In the House of Commons Journal for 26 May 1643 there is an order relating to a petition of Joseph Brand and others interested in the Currans, laden in the Nicholas, ordered that it shall be referred to the Committee for the Navy, to report their Opinions thereof unto this House.[90]

    1. Robert Turner

    Unknown.

    1. William Rennoldes

    Unknown.

    1. John Dethick

    John Dethick was the son of John Dethick of West Newington, Norfolk, and Elizabeth , daughter of Thomas Methwold.  He was a member of the Worshipful Company of Mercers, Lord Mayor of London in 1656, and knighted by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell on 15 September 1656[91] and by the King on 13 April 1661. Dethick was alderman for Queenhithe from 1649-1657 and for Cornhill 1657-1660.[92]  He is also listed in April 1648 in ‘An Ordinance for the speedy bringing in the Arreares of the Assessements in the City of London and Liberties for Aldgate Ward’.[93]

    Dethick married firstly Ann, daughter of Francis Smallpiece of Norwich and widow of Thomas Anguish. He married secondly Martha, daughter of Edmund Travers of London. He married thirdly Anne, daughter of Thomas Jolliff of Leek in Staffordshire.  He had no surviving children from his first or third marriage, but with his second wife Martha he had three children (Benjamin, who married Mary, daughter of John Harrison, a London merchant; Elizabeth, who married Sir John Banks and Susan, who married Edward Rudge, a London merchant). He died on 31 March 1671 at his country estate at Tottenham in Middlesex and was buried in the church of St Andrew Undershaft in London.[94] His will was proved 6 April 1671 [95]

    Brenner suggests that Dethick may have been involved commercially in the Americas before 1640 and then became a partner of John Jolliffe (from his first wife’s family) in the Spanish trade.[96] There are also minute books and letter books concerning his association with Sir John Banks (his daughter Elizabeth’s husband).[97]  Brenner also mentions records of an East Indies trading syndicate led by John Dethick.[98]

    1. Thomas (Mard?)

    This could be Thomas Ward listed in April 1648 ‘An Ordinance for the speedy bringing in the Arreares of the Assessements in the City of London and Liberties thereof (Bridge Ward)’.[99]  However, there are several Thomas Wards in Boyd’s Inhabitants of London and I could not find a merchant with that name within suitable time frame.

    1. Daniell Androwes

    Unknown.

    1. William Moye

    The only reference is 19 Sept 1648, Custom Certificates for shipment by Mr. William Moye, of Candles for Barbados, on the “Increase” of London. Sq. Master Thomas Varnell.[100]

    35. Humfrey Hill

    There is a Humfrey Hill, mercer, in Boyd’s Inhabitants of London.  He married Anne Hopgood on 11 April 1639, daughter of Edward Hopgood and Mary Cade.[101] They were married at St Stephen Colemanstreete, he was 34 and she was 22.[102] Humfrey was baptised on 15 April 1605 at St Bride’s Fleet Street; his father was Thomas Hill.[103]  He died in 1653.[104]

    References

    [1] ‘Introduction’, in The Letters of John Paige, London Merchant, 1648-58, ed. G F Steckley (London, 1984), pp. ix-xxxix. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol21/ix-xxxix

    [2] Ancestry: Henry F Walter A.B. Genealogical gleanings in England (1885) page 834 https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/?name=Rowland_Wilson&birth=1582&count=50&name_x=s_s

    [3] Family Search https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?q.givenName=Roland&q.surname=Wilson&q.birthLikeDate.from=1587&q.birthLikeDate.to=1587&m.defaultFacets=on&m.queryRequireDefault=on&m.facetNestCollectionInCategory=on&count=20&offset=0

    [4] Op cit Ancestry: Henry F Walter Genealogical gleanings in England (1885), p. 834

    [5] Lindley, Keith. “Wilson, Rowland (bap. 1613, d. 1650), parliamentarian army officer and politician.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 23 Sep. 2004, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-29687.

    [6] Hughes, Ann. “A ‘Lunatick Revolter from Loyalty’: The Death of Rowland Wilson and the English Revolution.” History Workshop Journal, no. 61 (2006): 192-204, www.jstor.org/stable/25472845

    [7] ‘Marchamont Nedham’, British Civil Wars Commonwealth and Protectorate 1638-1660, http://bcw-project.org/biography/marchamont-nedham

    [8] Hughes, Ann. “A ‘Lunatick Revolter from Loyalty’: The Death of Rowland Wilson and the English Revolution.” History Workshop Journal, no. 61 (2006): 192-204, www.jstor.org/stable/25472845.

    [9] Mark Noble, The lives of the English regicides Volume 2 (1798)

    [10] Alfred P Beaven, ‘Chronological list of aldermen: 1601-1650’, in The Aldermen of the City of London Temp. Henry III – 1912 (London, 1908), pp. 47-75. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-aldermen/hen3-1912/pp47-75

    [11] Geni: Richard Leigh, alias Lye https://www.geni.com/people/Richard-Leigh-alias-Lye-of-London/6000000009766822840

    [12] Find My Past: Anne Bratost https://www.findmypast.co.uk/transcript?id=GBPRS%2FDOCK%2FMAR%2F043923%2F2

    [13] Death of Anthony Leigh: Ancestry https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=1624&h=7905252&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=Ces156&_phstart=successSource

    [14] Death of Anne Leigh: Ancestry https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=1624&h=7905255&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=Ces158&_phstart=successSource

    [15] FindMyPast, https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=GBOR%2FBIL%2FSOG17%2F0257&parentid=GBPRS%2FBIL%2F00051375

    [16] FindMyPast  https://www.findmypast.co.uk/transcript?id=GBOR%2FHABS%2F11071

    [17] ‘East Indies, China and Japan: September 1617’, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies, China and Japan, Volume 3, 1617-1621, ed. W Noel Sainsbury (London, 1870), pp. 54-58. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/east-indies-china-japan/vol3/pp54-58

    [18] ‘Charles I – volume 536: December 1636’, in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles I, 1625-49 Addenda, ed. William Douglas Hamilton and Sophie Crawford Lomas (London, 1897), pp. 539-548. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/chas1/addenda/1625-49/pp539-548

    [19] FindMyPast, https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=GBOR%2FBIL%2FSOG23%2F0227&parentid=GBPRS%2FBIL%2F00105348

    [20] Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict and London Overseas Traders 1550-1653 (1993) page 71

    [21] Ibid Page 231

    [22] Ibid Page 375

    [23] ‘Acts of the Court of High Commission.’, in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles I, 1640-1, ed. William Douglas Hamilton (London, 1882), pp. 378-402. British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/chas1/1640-1/pp378-402

    [24] ‘July 1645: An Ordinance for the raising and collecting of Ten thousand pounds, for and towards the Redemption of distressed Captives’, in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, ed. C H Firth and R S Rait (London, 1911), pp. 732-734. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp732-734

    [25] Robert Cheslyn Alfred P Beaven, ‘Chronological list of aldermen: 1601-1650’, in The Aldermen of the City of London Temp. Henry III – 1912 (London, 1908), pp. 47-75. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-aldermen/hen3-1912/pp47-75; Alfred P Beaven, ‘Notes on the aldermen, 1502-1700’, in The Aldermen of the City of London Temp. Henry III – 1912 (London, 1908), pp. 168-195. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-aldermen/hen3-1912/pp168-195

    [26] Find My Past https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=S2%2FGBOR%2FPDFS%2FLONDONALDER%2FVOL2%2F0260&parentid=S2%2FGBOR%2FPDFS%2FLONDONALDER%2FVOL2%2F0260

    [27] FindMyPast https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=GBOR%2FBIL%2FSOG30%2F0375&parentid=GBPRS%2FBIL%2F00173210

    [28] Ancestry https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=9841&h=27219677&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=OzA1735&_phstart=successSource

    [29] Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict and London’s Overseas Traders 1550-1653 (1993) pages 347-348

    [30] Ibid pages 226-227

    [31] ‘Charles I – volume 124: Undated 1628’, in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles I, 1628-29, ed. John Bruce (London, 1859), pp. 419-430. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/chas1/1628-9/pp419-430

    [32] ‘Charles I – volume 389: May 1-7, 1638’, in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles I, 1637-8, ed. John Bruce (London, 1869), pp. 392-421. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/chas1/1637-8/pp392-421

    [33] ‘Charles I – volume 447: March 1-14, 1640’, in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles I, 1639-40, ed. Wiliam Douglas Hamilton (London, 1877), pp. 506-549. British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/chas1/1639-40/pp506-549

    [34] ‘Letters: 1650’, in The Letters of John Paige, London Merchant, 1648-58, ed. G F Steckley (London, 1984), pp. 8-31. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol21/pp8-31

    [35] Ancestry https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/1624/31281_a102039-00144?pid=7672234&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D1624%26h%3D7672234%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DOzA1742%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=OzA1742&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.172352995.1720020107.1582465064-

    [36] Ancestry https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/5111/40611_310682-00315?pid=636793&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D5111%26h%3D636793%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DOzA1743%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=OzA1743&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs

    [37] ‘April 1648: An Ordinance for the speedy bringing in the Arreares of the Assessements in the City of London and Liberties thereof’, in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, ed. C H Firth and R S Rait (London, 1911), pp. 1128-1131. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp1128-1131

    [38] ‘East Indies: November 1626’, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies, China and Persia, Volume 6, 1625-1629, ed. W Noel Sainsbury (London, 1884), pp. 258-275. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/east-indies-china-japan/vol6/pp258-275

    [39] ‘Minute Book: November 1660′, in Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 1, 1660-1667, ed. William A Shaw (London, 1904), pp. 32-40. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol1/pp32-40

    [40] FindMyPast https://www.findmypast.co.uk/transcript?id=ORIGINS%2FLONDONAPPRENTICE%2F148120%2F328575

    [41] Ancestry https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/7097/41815_b0152994-00053?pid=132012&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D7097%26h%3D132012%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DOzA1853%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=OzA1853&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.156346555.126986223.1582912155-

    [42] ‘State Papers, 1642: August-December’, in A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, Volume 1, 1638-1653, ed. Thomas Birch (London, 1742), pp. 16-19. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/thurloe-papers/vol1/pp16-19

    [43] FindMyPast https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=GBOR%2FBIL%2FSOG26%2F0274&parentid=GBPRS%2FBIL%2F00137650

    [44] FindMyPast: Margaret Hammond https://www.findmypast.co.uk/transcript?id=GBPRS%2FM%2F710315640%2F1  Philip Travers https://www.findmypast.co.uk/transcript?id=GBPRS%2FCOA%2FMARRLICENCE%2F00043882%2F1

    [45] Ancestry: Rebecca Travers https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=1624&h=6470235&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=Ces171&_phstart=successSource

    [46] FindMyPast: Charles Travers https://www.findmypast.co.uk/transcript?id=ORIGINS%2FLONDONAPPRENTICE%2F166621%2F382497

    [47] Ancestry, https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/5111/40611_310909-00256?pid=844320&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D5111%26h%3D844320%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DOzA1858%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=OzA1858&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.156483771.126986223.1582912155-

    [48] FindMyPast: Philip Travers https://www.findmypast.co.uk/transcript?id=ORIGINS%2FLONDONAPPRENTICE%2F146328%2F323375

    [49] FindMyPast: Philip Travers https://www.findmypast.co.uk/transcript?id=ORIGINS%2FLONDONAPPRENTICE%2F166624%2F382505

    [50] ‘Volume 153: February 1657’, in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1656-7, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1883), pp. 258-297. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1656-7/pp258-297

    [51] ‘House of Commons Journal Volume 2: 08 November 1642’, in Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 2, 1640-1643 (London, 1802), pp. 839-840. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol2/pp839-840

    [52] ‘House of Commons Journal Volume 2: 22 October 1642’, in Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 2, 1640-1643 (London, 1802), pp. 818-820. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol2/pp818-820.

    [53] Wikipedia article: William Methwold, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Methwold

    [54] MarineLives: Aaron Mico http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Tools:_PROB_11/290/253_Will_of_Aaron_Mico,_Merchant_of_London_20_April_1659

    [55] Daniel Lysons, ‘Kensington’, in The Environs of London: Volume 3, County of Middlesex (London, 1795), pp. 170-230. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-environs/vol3/pp170-230

    [56] ‘Estates and houses before 1851: The Harrington-Villars Estate’, in Survey of London: Volume 38, South Kensington Museums Area, ed. F H W Sheppard (London, 1975), pp. 3-8. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol38/pp3-8

    [57] Wikipedia Article Theophilus Biddulph https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Theophilus_Biddulph,_1st_Baronet

    [58] Ancestry https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=4790&h=2488422&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=OzA764&_phstart=successSource

    [59] Alfred P Beaven, ‘Chronological list of aldermen: 1601-1650’, in The Aldermen of the City of London Temp. Henry III – 1912 (London, 1908), pp. 47-75. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-aldermen/hen3-1912/pp47-75

    [60] ‘Minute Book: November 1672’, in Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 3, 1669-1672, ed. William A Shaw (London, 1908), pp. 1109-1119. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol3/pp1109-1119

    [61] Robert Brenner Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict and London’s Overseas Traders 1550-1653 (1993) pages 164, 165.

    [62] Ibid page 192

    [63] ‘Register Book: 1604’, in The Spanish Company, ed. Pauline Croft (London, 1973), pp. 1-14. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol9/pp1-14

    [64]  Wikipedia article The Spanish Company https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Company

    [65] ‘April 1648: An Ordinance for the speedy bringing in the Arreares of the Assessements in the City of London and Liberties thereof’, in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, ed. C H Firth and R S Rait (London, 1911), pp. 1128-1131. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp1128-1131

    [66] Ancestry George “merchant” Hanger https://www.ancestry.co.uk/family-tree/person/tree/29982101/person/272107196037/facts

    [67] Will of George Hanger https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D862238

    [68] ‘April 1648: An Ordinance for the speedy bringing in the Arreares of the Assessements in the City of London and Liberties thereof’, in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, ed. C H Firth and R S Rait (London, 1911), pp. 1128-1131. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp1128-1131

    [69] John Strpe’s A survey of the cities of London and Westminster https://www.dhi.ac.uk/strype/TransformServlet?page=book4_018&display=normal

    [70] T C Dale, ‘Inhabitants of London in 1638: St. Michael Bassishaw’, in The Inhabitants of London in 1638 (London, 1931), pp. 141-143. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-inhabitants/1638/pp141-143

    [71] ‘East Indies: December 1625’, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies, China and Persia, Volume 6, 1625-1629, ed. W Noel Sainsbury (London, 1884), pp. 122-137. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/east-indies-china-japan/vol6/pp122-137

    [72] ‘East Indies: December 1633’, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies and Persia, Volume 8, 1630-1634, ed. W Noel Sainsbury (London, 1892), pp. 495-508. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/east-indies-china-japan/vol8/pp495-508

    [73] ‘Charles I – volume 491: July 1642’, in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles I, 1641-3, ed. William Douglas Hamilton (London, 1887), pp. 348-365. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/chas1/1641-3/pp348-365

    [74] FindMyPast: John Bewley https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=GBOR%2FBIL%2FSOG22%2F0417&parentid=GBPRS%2FBIL%2F00094955

    [75] ‘Introduction’, in The Letters of John Paige, London Merchant, 1648-58, ed. G F Steckley (London, 1984), pp. ix-xxxix. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol21/ix-xxxix; ‘Letters: 1654’, in The Letters of John Paige, London Merchant, 1648-58, ed. G F Steckley (London, 1984), pp. 99-119. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol21/pp99-119

    [76] ‘Addenda’, in Calendar, Committee for the Advance of Money: Part 3, 1650-55, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1888), pp. 1483-1485. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cttee-advance-money/pt3/pp1483-1485

    [77] Find My Past Robert Garland  https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=GBOR%2FBIL%2FSOG28%2F0015&parentid=GBPRS%2FBIL%2F00150907

    [78] ‘Letters: 1649’, in The Letters of John Paige, London Merchant, 1648-58, ed. G F Steckley (London, 1984), pp. 1-8. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol21/pp1-8

    [79] ‘House of Commons Journal Volume 3: 20 May 1643’, in Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 3, 1643-1644 (London, 1802), pp. 93-96. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol3/pp93-96

    [80] ‘Volume 15: February 1651’, in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1651, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1877), pp. 31-66. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/interregnum/1651/pp31-66

    [81] ‘Cases before the Committee: September 1651’, in Calendar, Committee For Compounding: Part 4, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1892), pp. 2867-2877. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/compounding-committee/pt4/pp2867-2877

    [82] FindMyPast: Hammond Ward https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=GBOR%2FBIL%2FSOG74%2F0787&parentid=GBPRS%2FBIL%2F00405656

    [83] ‘House of Lords Journal Volume 5: 23 March 1643’, in Journal of the House of Lords: Volume 5, 1642-1643 (London, 1767-1830), pp. 659-667. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol5/pp659-667

    [84] ‘Cases brought before the committee: April 1644’, in Calendar, Committee For the Advance of Money: Part 1, 1642-45, ed. Mary Anne Everett Green (London, 1888), pp. 365-377. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cttee-advance-money/pt1/pp365-377.

    [85] Find My Past George Gifford https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=GBOR%2FBIL%2FSOG104%2F0066&parentid=GBPRS%2FBIL%2F00460765

    [86] ‘Charles I – volume 391: May 25-31, 1638’, in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles I, 1637-8, ed. John Bruce (London, 1869), pp. 454-486. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/chas1/1637-8/pp454-486

    [87] Robert Brenner Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict and London’s Overseas Traders 1550-1653 (1993), page 81

    [88] Ibid, page 87

    [89] Alfred P Beaven, ‘Chronological list of aldermen: 1601-1650’, in The Aldermen of the City of London Temp. Henry III – 1912 (London, 1908), pp. 47-75. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-aldermen/hen3-1912/pp47-75

    [90] ‘House of Commons Journal Volume 3: 26 May 1643’, in Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 3, 1643-1644 (London, 1802), pp. 104-106. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol3/pp104-106

    [91] Wikipedia article: John Dethick https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dethick

    [92] Alfred P Beaven, ‘Chronological list of aldermen: 1601-1650’, in The Aldermen of the City of London Temp. Henry III – 1912 (London, 1908), pp. 47-75. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-aldermen/hen3-1912/pp47-75

    [93] ‘April 1648: An Ordinance for the speedy bringing in the Arreares of the Assessements in the City of London and Liberties thereof’, in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, ed. C H Firth and R S Rait (London, 1911), pp. 1128-1131. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp1128-1131

    [94] Alfred P Beaven, ‘Chronological list of aldermen: 1601-1650’, in The Aldermen of the City of London Temp. Henry III – 1912 (London, 1908), pp. 47-75. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-aldermen/hen3-1912/pp47-75

    [95] Wikipedia article John Dethick https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dethick

    [96] Robert Banner Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict and London’s Overseas Traders 1550-1653 (1993) pages 138-139

    [97] Minute Book and Letters of Sir John Banks, National Archives, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/N13898087

    [98] Op cit 96 pages 544

    [99] ‘April 1648: An Ordinance for the speedy bringing in the Arreares of the Assessements in the City of London and Liberties thereof’, in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, ed. C H Firth and R S Rait (London, 1911), pp. 1128-1131. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp1128-1131

    [100] Thomas Varnell Family  http://www.next1000.com/family/GRUBB/varnell.thomas.1616.html

    [101] FindyPast: Humfrey Hill https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=GBOR%2FBIL%2FSOG23%2F0180&parentid=GBPRS%2FBIL%2F00104531

    [102] Ancestry https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/2056/32515_1831101454_0015-00114?pid=210827&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D2056%26h%3D210827%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DOzA1869%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=OzA1869&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.201959953.126986223.1582912155-45157075.1565777592&_gac=1.174190102.1583068863.EAIaIQobChMIyf-8ybv25AIVCJ3VCh3Bkw3REAAYASAAEgIce_D_BwE

    [103] Ancestry: Humfrey Hill https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/1624/31281_a101411-00110?pid=6245260&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D1624%26h%3D6245260%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DOzA1870%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=OzA1870&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.198732335.126986223.1582912155-345157075.1565777592&_gac=1.241503542.1583068863.EAIaIQobChMIyf-8ybv25AIVCJ3VCh3Bkw3REAAYASAAEgIce_D_BwE

    [104] FindMyPast: Humfrey Hill https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=GBOR%2FBIL%2FSOG23%2F0180&parentid=GBPRS%2FBIL%2F00104531

    This report is part of a series on ‘Petitioners in the reign of Charles I and the Civil Wars’, created through a U3A Shared Learning Project on ‘Investigating the Lives of Seventeenth-Century Petitioners’.